Evaluate the following integrals: Evaluate: . Hence, evaluate: .
Evaluate the following integrals:
(a)[2.0]
Evaluate: $\int \ln x dx$.
(b)[3.0]
Hence, evaluate: $\int \frac{\ln[\ln(\frac{1+x}{1-x})]}{1-x^2} dx$.
Answer
Answer (a)
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Evaluating $\int \ln x dx$ using integration by parts:
Let $u = \ln x$ and $dv = 1 dx \Rightarrow du = \frac{1}{x}dx$ and $v = x$.
$\int \ln x dx = x\ln x - \int x\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)dx = x\ln x - \int 1 dx = x\ln x - x + C = x(\ln x - 1) + C$.
Answer (b)
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To evaluate $I = \int \frac{\ln[\ln(\frac{1+x}{1-x})]}{1-x^2} dx$:
Let $t = \ln\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)$.
Differentiating with respect to $x$:
$\frac{dt}{dx} = \frac{1}{\frac{1+x}{1-x}} \cdot \frac{(1-x)(1) - (1+x)(-1)}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{1-x}{1+x} \cdot \frac{2}{(1-x)^2} = \frac{2}{1-x^2}$.
Thus, $\frac{dx}{1-x^2} = \frac{dt}{2}$.
Substituting into the integral:
$I = \int \ln t \cdot \frac{dt}{2} = \frac{1}{2} \int \ln t dt$.
Using the result from part (a), $\int \ln t dt = t(\ln t - 1) + C$:
$I = \frac{1}{2} t(\ln t - 1) + C = \frac{1}{2}\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right) \left[\ln\left(\ln\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)\right) - 1\right] + C$.
From ISC 2027 Specimen Mathematics Paper 1, question 18(i).